Materiaaltesten Fundering Bender Elements
Bender elements allow you to measure the maximum shear modulus (Gmax) of soil samples in order to evaluate their stiffness. Gmax (typically with shear strain levels of about 0.001%) is a key parameter in low-strain dynamic analysis used to predict soil behavior or soil structure interaction during earthquakes, explosion or machine and traffic vibrations.
The Bender Elements connect directly to the compact and easy-to-install smart unit comprising a signal generator and oscilloscope. Advanced user-friendly software then automates the analysis using a range of algorithms.
Bender elements test description
Bender Elements are encapsulated and mounted in inserts that are fixed into the base pedestal platen and top cap platen of a triaxial cell. They are carefully inserted into the soil specimen. When excited the bender element bends from side to side pushing the soil in a direction perpendicular to the length of the element thus having a large coupling factor with the soil.
This produces a shear wave, which propagates parallel to the length of the element into the soil sample. On the other end of the soil sample another bender element is forced to bend and produces an electrical signal that can be measured.
Theory on shear wave propagation in an elastic body tells us that the value of the shear modulus
Gmax of the soil from measurement of shear wave velocity Vs is given by:
Gmax = ρ • (Vs)2
where ρ is the mass density of the soil sample.
The system consists of a transmitter, which is energized to produce the shear waves through the soil sample, and the receiver that receive the electrical signal.
Totally new and ingenious software
According to the leading literature and research in this field, various algorithms are used to interpret wave signals:
Time difference
The Time Difference algorithm computes the wave speed and Gmax with two different methods. The first measures the wave’s flight time as a peak-to-peak difference between input and output signals. The second method measures instead the difference between the start of each signal.
Cross Correlation
The Cross Correlation measures the similarity between two signals, based on the displacement between each signal. Frequency domain analysis of cross correlation estimates the delay between input and output signals which can then be used to compute wave speed and Gmax.
Phase Angle
The Phase Angle method sees the specimen as a filter, analyzing the output signal as the filtered version of the input wave. The derivative with respect to pulsation of the phase is employed to estimate the grouped delay of the signals, allowing the computation of wave speed and Gmax
Versatile P + S wave testing system
STANDARD CONFIGURATION:
Additional alternative bender elements configurations are available depending on users’ requirements.. Each solution still requires the signal conditioning control unit plus:
28-WF4057/PS:
50 mm bender elements kit - only compression - suitable for triaxial cell 28-WF4070.
28-WF4058/PS:
50 mm bender elements kit - compression/extension - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4070.
28-WF4077/PS:
70 mm bender elements kit - only compression - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4070.
28-WF4077/PS1:
70 mm bender elements kit - only compression - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4100.
28-WF4078/PS:
70 mm bender elements kit - Compression/extension - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4070.
: 28-WF4078/PS1:
70 mm bender elements kit - compression/extension - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4100.
: 28-WF4107/PS:
100 mm bender elements kit - only compression - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4100.
28-WF4108/PS:
100 mm bender elements kit - compresion/extension - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4100.
28-WF4157/PS:
150 mm bender elements kit - only compression - suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4150.
28-WF4158/PS:
150 mm bender elements kit - compression/extension- suitable for triaxial cell model 28-WF4150.
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